Table of Contents

List of Tables – vii

List of Figures – viii

Preface – 1

1. Conceptual Framework – 7

2. Design – 19

3. Facilitation – 45

4. Direct Instruction – 63

5. Assessment – 81

6. Technology – 97

7. Conclusion – 121

Appendix – 127

References – 131

About the Author

Norman D. Vaughan is a professor in the Departmentof Education, Faculty of Teaching and Learning at Mount RoyalUniversity. He is the co-author with D. Randy Garrison of BlendedLearning in Higher Education (Jossey-Bass, 2008).

Martha Cleveland-Innes is professor and chair inthe Center for Distance Education at Athabasca University and guestprofessor in the Department of Learning at the Royal Institute ofTechnology in Stockholm.

D. Randy Garrison is a professor in the Faculty ofEducation at the University of Calgary. He has authored, co-authored,or edited nine books and over a hundred refereed articles/papers on thetopics of teaching and learning in higher and online learningcontexts.