Promotional Information

In the 1920s Turkey and Iran faced political upheaval as both states attempted to find their routes to modernity. This study observes this process by examining the measures adopted by the political regimes of the late Ottomans, Ataturk and Reza Shah, as well as by exploring how different social levels contributed to the drive for modernity.

About the Author

Touraj Atabaki is Professor of Social History of the Middle East and Central Asia at Leiden University and Senior Research Fellow at the International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam.