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Table of Contents

I. Introduction.- A. The Place of Dispersal in the Chain of Life.- B. Limitations and Objections.- C. History and General Literature.- II. General Terminology.- III. The Units of Dispersal.- Vegetative Parts in Dispersal and False Vivipary.- IV. The Relation Between Flowers, Seeds and Fruits.- A. Seed and Fruit.- B. Morphological Fruit Systems.- C. Morphological Interaction Between Fruit and Flower.- 1. General.- 2. Position.- 3. Monovuly and Monospermy.- 4. Inferiority and the Calyx.- D. Inadequacy of Current Fruit Terminology.- V. Ecological Dispersal Classes, Established on the Basis of the Dispersing Agents.- A. General.- B. Invertebrates.- C. Fishes and Ichthyochory.- D. Reptiles and Saurochory.- E. Birds and Ornithochory.- 1. Epizoochory by Birds.- 2. Synzoochorous Bird Diaspores.- 3. Endozoochory.- Non-adapted Diaspores.- Adapted Diaspores.- The Syndrome of Bird Diaspores.- Oil-containing Fruits.- Remarks on Evolution.- Mimesis (Imitative Seeds).- F. Mammals and Mammaliochory.- 1. General.- 2. Dyszoochory and Rodents.- 3. Accidental Endozoochory.- 4. Adaptive Endozoochory.- Ungulates.- Bats and Chiropterochory.- Primates.- Various Mammals.- G. Ants and Myrmecochory.- H. Wind and Anemochory.- 1. General.- 2. Dust Diaspores.- 3. Balloons.- 4. Plumed (Comose) Diaspores.- 5. Winged Diaspores.- 6. Tumbleweeds.- 7. Wind-Ballists (Anemoballists).- J. Water and Hydrochory.- 1. General.- 2. Rain Wash (Ombrohydrochory).- 3. Rain-Ballists.- 4. Submerged Transport in Water.- 5. Floating Diaspores.- K. Epizoochory, Transport on the Outside of Animals in General.- 1. Diverse Origins.- 2. Trample Burrs.- 3. Water Burrs.- 4. Burrs and Other Adhesives Above Ground Level.- 5. Other Spiny Fruits.- L. Autochory, Dispersal by the Plant Itself.- 1. General.- 2. Active Ballists.- 3. Passive Ballists.- 4. Creeping Diaspores.- M. Barochory, Dispersal by Weight Only.- N. Retrospective View.- VI. Dispersal Strategy and the Biocoenosis.- A. Atelochory.- 1. General.- 2. Synaptospermy.- 3. Basicarpy.- 4. Geocarpy.- B. Polychory and Attendant Phenomena.- 1. General.- 2. Heterodiaspory.- 3. Tachyspory.- C. Concluding Remarks on Synecology.- 1. Deserts.- 2. The Rain Forest.- 3. Epiphytes.- 4. The Arctic.- 5. Island Floras.- 6. Plant Sociology and Dispersal.- 7. Coordinated Dispersal.- VII. Establishment.- A. General.- B. Fixation.- C. Vivipary.- D. Germination.- 1. General Importance.- 2. Span of Life and Dormancy.- 3. Influence of Dispersing Agents and Other Stimuli.- VIII. The Evolution of Dispersal Organs in General.- A. Aims.- B. Isosporous Pteridophytes.- C. Heterosporous Pteridophytes with Free Megaspores.- D. Pteridosperms.- E. Gymnosperms (or Pre-Angiosperms).- F. Angiosperms.- 1. The Seed.- 2. The Seed Escaped from Angiospermy.- 3. The Sarcotesta Maintained in Conventional Fruits.- 4. Arilloids.- 5. Pulpa.- 6. The Pericarp Fruit.- Shift of Function.- Autonomous Cycles.- Further Evolutionary Influences and Processes.- IX. Ecological Developments in Leguminous Fruits.- X. Dispersal and the Evolution of Grasses.- A. Comparison with Cyperaceae.- B. Return to Gramineae (i.c. Oryzeae).- C. Bambusoid Grasses.- D. Bamboos.- E. Open Plains and Higher Grasses.- F. Some More Remarks on Awns and on Establishment.- G. Retrospective Views.- XI. Man and His Plants in Relation to Dispersal.- References.- Index of Scientific Plant Names.- Index of Scientific Animal Names.