Table of Contents

1. METHODS | 1 Overview of Methods Used in Histology | 1 | 2 Histochemistry and Cytochemistry | 3 Microscopy | 13 Folder 1.1 Clinical Correlation: Frozen Sections | 4 Folder 1.2 Microspectrophotometry | 7 Functional Considerations: Feulgen Folder 1.3 Medicine | 9 Clinical Correlation: Monoclonal Antibodies in Folder 1.4 Proper Use of the Light Microscope | 11 2. CELL CYTOPLASM | 22 Overview of the Cell and Cytoplasm | 22 Membranous Organelles | 25 Nonmembranous Organelles | 56 Inclusions | 71 Cytoplasmic Matrix | 73 Folder 2.1 Diseases | 42 Clinical Correlation: Lysosomal Storage Folder 2.2 Microtubules and Filaments | 68 Clinical Correlation: Abnormalities in Folder 2.3 of Centrioles and Cancer | 72 Clinical Correlation: Abnormal Duplication 3. THE CELL NUCLEUS | 75 Overview of the Nucleus | 75 Nuclear Components | 75 Cell Renewal | 84 Cell Cycle | 86 Cell Death | 93 Folder 3.1 Clinical Correlation: Cytogenetic Testing | 80 Folder 3.2 and Cancer Treatment | 81 Clinical Correlation: Regulation of Cell Cycle 4. CLASSIFICATION | TISSUES: CONCEPT AND98 Overview of Tissues | 98 Epithelium | 99 Connective Tissue | 99 Muscle Tissue | 100 Nerve Tissue | 101 Histogenesis of Tissues | 102 Identifying Tissues | 102 Folder 4.1 Clinical Correlation: Ovarian Teratomas | 103 5. EPITHELIAL TISSUE | 105 Overview of Epithelial Structure and Function | 105 Classification of Epithelium | 106 Cell Polarity | 107 The Apical Domain and its Modifications | 109 The Lateral Domain and its Specializations in Cell-To-Cell Adhesion | 121 The Basal Domain and its Specializations in Cell-To-Extracellular Matrix Adhesion | 134 Glands | 146 Epithelial Cell Renewal | 150 Folder 5.1 Clinical Correlation: Epithelial Metaplasia | 109 Folder 5.2 Dyskinesia | 120 Clinical Correlation: Primary Ciliary Folder 5.3 as a Target of Pathogenic Agents | 128 Clinical Correlation: Junctional Complexes Folder 5.4 Membrane and Basal Lamina Terminology | 138 Functional Considerations: Basement Folder 5.5 Serous Membranes | 150 Functional Considerations: Mucus and Atlas Plates Plate 1 Epithelia | 152 Simple Squamous and Cuboidal Plate 2 Simple and Stratified Epithelia | 154 Plate 3 Tissues | 156 Stratified Epithelia and Epithelioid 6. CONNECTIVE TISSUE | 158 General Structure and Function of Connective Tissue | 158 Embryonic Connective Tissue | 159 Connective Tissue Proper | 160 Connective Tissue Fibers | 161 Extracellular Matrix | 173 Connective Tissue Cells | 178 Folder 6.1 Clinical Correlation: Collagenopathies | 170 Folder 6.2 Molecular Changes in Photoaged Skin | 173 Clinical Correlation: Sun Exposure and Folder 6.3 Wound Repair | 183 Clinical Correlation: Role of Myofibroblasts in Folder 6.4 Phagocytotic System | 185 Functional Considerations: The Mononuclear Folder 6.5 and Basophils in Allergic Reactions | 188 Clinical Correlation: The Role of Mast Cells Atlas Plates Plate 4 Tissue | 192 Loose and Dense Irregular Connective Plate 5 Ligaments | 194 Dense Regular Connective Tissue, Tendons, and Plate 6 Elastic Fibers and Elastic Lamellae | 196 7. CARTILAGE | 198 Overview of Cartilage | 198 Hyaline Cartilage | 199 Elastic Cartilage | 204 Fibrocartilage | 204 Chondrogenesis and Cartilage Growth | 206 Repair of Hyaline Cartilage | 207 Folder 7.1 Clinical Correlation: Osteoarthritis | 199 Folder 7.2 the Cartilage; Chondrosarcomas | 208 Clinical Correlation: Malignant Tumors of Atlas Plates Plate 7 Hyaline Cartilage | 210 Plate 8 Cartilage and the Developing Skeleton | 212 Plate 9 Elastic Cartilage | 214 Plate 10 Fibrocartilage | 216 8. BONE | 218 Overview of Bone | 218 Bones and Bone Tissue | 219 General Structure of Bones | 220 Cells of Bone Tissue | 223 Bone Formation | 232 Biologic Mineralization and Matrix Vesicles | 241 Physiologic Aspects of Bone | 242 Folder 8.1 Clinical Correlation: Joint Diseases | 221 Folder 8.2 Clinical Correlation: Osteoporosis | 233 Folder 8.3 in Bone Formation | 234 Clinical Correlation: Nutritional Factors Folder 8.4 Regulation of Bone Growth | 242 Functional Considerations: Hormonal Atlas Plates Plate 11 Bone, Ground Section | 244 Plate 12 Bone and Bone Tissue | 246 Plate 13 Endochondral Bone Formation I | 248 Plate 14 Endochondral Bone Formation II | 250 Plate 15 Intramembranous Bone Formation | 252 9. ADIPOSE TISSUE | 254 Overview of Adipose Tissue | 254 White Adipose Tissue | 254 Brown Adipose Tissue | 259 Folder 9.1 Clinical Correlation: Obesity | 261 Folder 9.2 Clinical Correlation: Adipose Tissue Tumors | 262 Folder 9.3 Brown Adipose Tissue Interference | 264 Clinical Correlation: PET Scanning and Atlas Plates Plate 16 Adipose Tissue | 266 10. BLOOD | 268 Overview of Blood | 268 Plasma | 269 Erythrocytes | 270 Leukocytes | 275 Thrombocytes | 286 Formation of Blood Cells (Hemopoiesis) | 289 Bone Marrow | 298 Folder 10.1 Group Systems | 273 Clinical Correlation: ABO and Rh Blood Folder 10.2 with Diabetes | 274 Clinical Correlation: Hemoglobin in Patients Folder 10.3 Clinical Correlation: Hemoglobin Disorders | 276 Folder 10.4 Neutrophils; Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) | 281 Clinical Correlation: Inherited Disorders of Folder 10.5 and Jaundice | 281 Clinical Correlation: Hemoglobin Breakdown Folder 10.6 Marrow | 300 Clinical Correlation: Cellularity of the Bone Atlas Plates Plate 17 Erythrocytes and Granulocytes | 302 Plate 18 Agranulocytes and Red Marrow | 304 Plate 19 Erythropoiesis | 306 Plate 20 Granulopoiesis | 308 11. MUSCLE TISSUE | 310 Overview and Classification of Muscle | 310 Skeletal Muscle | 311 Cardiac Muscle | 327 Smooth Muscle | 331 Folder 11.1 and Ischemia | 316 Functional Considerations: Muscle Metabolism Folder 11.2 Dystrophin and Dystrophin- Associated Proteins | 319 Clinical Correlation: Muscular Dystrophies- Folder 11.3 Filament Model | 323 Functional Considerations: The Sliding Folder 11.4 Clinical Correlation: Myasthenia Gravis | 325 Folder 11.5 the Three Muscle Types | 337 Functional Considerations: Comparison of Atlas Plates Plate 21 Skeletal Muscle I | 340 Plate 22 Skeletal Muscle II and Electron Microscopy | 342 Plate 23 Myotendinal Junction | 344 Plate 24 Cardiac Muscle | 346 Plate 25 Cardiac Muscle, Purkinje Fibers | 348 Plate 26 Smooth Muscle I | 350 12. NERVE TISSUE | 352 Overview of the Nervous System | 352 Composition of Nerve Tissue | 353 The Neuron | 353 Supporting Cells of the Nervous System; The Neuroglia | 363 Origin of Nerve Tissue Cells | 373 Organization of the Peripheral Nervous System | 375 Organization of the Autonomic Nervous System | 378 Organization of the Central Nervous System | 381 Response of Neurons to Injury | 386 Folder 12.1 Clinical Correlation: Parkinson's Disease | 358 Folder 12.2 Clinical Correlation: Demyelinating Diseases | 366 Folder 12.3 in the CNS | 389 Clinical Correlation: Gliosis: Scar formation Atlas Plates Plate 27 Sympathetic and Dorsal Root Ganglia | 390 Plate 28 Peripheral Nerve | 392 Plate 29 Cerebrum | 394 Plate 30 Cerebellum | 396 Plate 31 Spinal Cord | 398 13. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM | 400 Overview of the Cardiovascular System | 400 Heart | 402 General Features of Arteries and Veins | 408 Arteries | 414 Capillaries | 421 Arteriovenous Shunts | 423 Veins | 424 Atypical Blood Vessels | 426 Lymphatic Vessels | 427 Folder 13.1 Clinical Correlation: Atherosclerosis | 411 Folder 13.2 Clinical Correlation: Hypertension | 416 Folder 13.3 Clinical Correlation: Ischemic Heart Disease | 429 Atlas Plates Plate 32 Heart | 432 Plate 33 Aorta | 434 Plate 34 Muscular Arteries and Veins | 436 Plate 35 Arterioles, Venules, and Lymphatic Vessels | 438 14. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM | 440 Overview of the Lymphatic System | 440 Cells of the Lymphatic System | 441 Lymphatic Tissues and Organs | 453 Folder 14.1 Names T Lymphocyte and B Lymphocyte | 447 Functional Considerations: Origin of the Folder 14.2 Reactions | 447 Clinical Correlation: Hypersensitivity Folder 14.3 Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) | 455 Clinical Correlation: Human Immunodeficiency Folder 14.4 Lymphadenitis | 466 Clinical Correlation: Reactive (Inflammatory) Atlas Plates Plate 36 Palatine Tonsil | 476 Plate 37 Lymph Node I | 478 Plate 38 Lymph Node II | 480 Plate 39 Spleen I | 482 Plate 40 Spleen II | 484 Plate 41 Thymus | 486 15. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM | 488 Overview of the Integumentary System | 488 Layers of the Skin | 489 Cells of the Epidermis | 493 Structures of Skin | 501 Folder 15.1 Origin | 492 Clinical Correlation: Cancers of Epidermal Folder 15.2 Functional Considerations: Skin Color | 499 Folder 15.3 and Hair Characteristics | 504 Functional Considerations: Hair Growth Folder 15.4 Sebum | 505 Functional Considerations: The Role of Folder 15.5 Disease | 507 Clinical Correlation: Sweating and Folder 15.6 Clinical Correlation: Skin Repair | 512 Atlas Plates Plate 42 Skin I | 514 Plate 43 Skin II | 516 Plate 44 Apocrine and Eccrine Sweat Glands | 518 Plate 45 Sweat and Sebaceous Glands | 520 Plate 46 Integument and Sensory Organs | 522 Plate 47 Hair Follicle and Nail | 524 16. ORAL CAVITY AND ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES | DIGESTIVE SYSTEM I:526 Overview of the Digestive System | 526 Oral Cavity | 527 Tongue | 529 Teeth and Supporting Tissues | 534 Salivary Glands | 545 Folder 16.1 of Taste | 533 Clinical Correlation: The Genetic Basis Folder 16.2 Permanent (Secondary) and Deciduous (Primary) Dentition | 534 Clinical Correlation: Classification of Folder 16.3 Clinical Correlation: Dental Caries | 547 Folder 16.4 Clinical Correlation: Salivary Gland Tumors | 555 Atlas Plates Plate 48 Lip, A Mucocutaneous Junction | 556 Plate 49 Tongue I | 558 Plate 50 Tongue II - Foliate Papillae and Taste Buds | 560 Plate 51 Submandibular Gland | 562 Plate 52 Parotid Gland | 564 Plate 53 Sublingual Gland | 566 17. ESOPHAGUS AND GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT | DIGESTIVE SYSTEM II:568 Overview of the Esophagus and Gastrointestinal Tract | 569 Esophagus | 572 Stomach | 574 Small Intestine | 586 Large Intestine | 597 Folder 17.1 and Peptic Ulcer Disease | 578 Clinical Correlation: Pernicious Anemia Folder 17.2 Syndrome | 580 Clinical Correlation: Zollinger-Ellison Folder 17.3 Endocrine System | 581 Functional Considerations: The Gastrointestinal Folder 17.4 Absorptive Functions of Enterocytes | 587 Functional Considerations: Digestive and Folder 17.5 of the Alimentary Canal | 595 Functional Considerations: Immune Functions Folder 17.6 Vessel Distribution and Diseases of the Large Intestine | 602 Clinical Correlation: The Pattern of Lymph Atlas Plates Plate 54 Esophagus | 606 Plate 55 Esophagus And Stomach, Cardiac Region | 608 Plate 56 Stomach I | 610 Plate 57 Stomach II | 612 Plate 58 Gastroduodenal Junction | 614 Plate 59 Duodenum | 616 Plate 60 Jejunum | 618 Plate 61 Ileum | 620 Plate 62 Colon | 622 Plate 63 Appendix | 624 Plate 64 Anal Canal | 626 18. GALLBLADDER, AND PANCREAS | DIGESTIVE SYSTEM III: LIVER,628 Liver | 628 Gallbladder | 643 Pancreas | 647 Folder 18.1 Clinical Correlation: Lipoproteins | 630 Folder 18.2 Failure and Liver Necrosis | 635 Clinical Correlation: Congestive Heart Folder 18.3 Disease | 655 Insulin Production and Alzheimer's Folder 18.4 Synthesis, an Example of Posttranslational Processing | 655 Functional Considerations: Insulin Atlas Plates Plate 65 Liver I | 656 Plate 66 Liver II | 658 Plate 67 Gallbladder | 660 Plate 68 Pancreas | 662 19. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | 664 Overview of the Respiratory System | 664 Nasal Cavities | 665 Pharynx | 670 Larynx | 670 Trachea | 670 Bronchi | 676 Bronchioles | 677 Alveoli | 678 Blood Supply | 687 Lymphatic Vessels | 687 Nerves | 687 Folder 19.1 in the Respiratory Tract | 672 Clinical Correlations: Squamous Metaplasia Folder 19.2 Clinical Correlations: Cystic Fibrosis | 685 Folder 19.3 Pneumonia | 686 Clinical Correlations: Emphysema and Atlas Plates Plate 69 Olfactory Mucosa | 688 Plate 70 Larynx | 690 Plate 71 Trachea | 692 Plate 72 Bronchioles and End Respiratory Passages | 694 Plate 73 and Alveolus | 696 Terminal Bronchiole, Respiratory Bronchiole, 20. URINARY SYSTEM | 698 Overview of the Urinary System | 698 General Structure of the Kidney | 699 Kidney Tubule Function | 714 Interstitial Cells | 720 Histophysiology of the Kidney | 720 Blood Supply | 721 Lymphatic Vessels | 723 Nerve Supply | 723 Ureter, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra | 723 Folder 20.1 Vitamin D | 699 Functional Considerations: Kidney and Folder 20.2 Membrane Antibody-Induced Glomerulonephritis; Goodpasture Syndrome | 712 Clinical Correlation: Antiglomerular Basement Folder 20.3 Urine-Urinalysis | 714 Clinical Correlation: Examination of the Folder 20.4 Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and Hypertension | 714 Clinical Correlation: Function of Aquaporin Water Channels | 717 Folder 20.5 Functional Considerations: Structure and Folder 20.6 Regulation of Collecting Duct Function | 721 Functional Considerations: Hormonal Atlas Plates Plate 74 KIDNEY I | 728 Plate 75 KIDNEY II | 730 Plate 76 KIDNEY III | 732 Plate 77 KIDNEY IV | 734 Plate 78 URETER | 736 Plate 79 URINARY BLADDER | 738 21. ENDOCRINE ORGANS | 740 Overview of the Endocrine System | 740 Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) | 742 Hypothalamus | 751 Pineal Gland | 752 Thyroid Gland | 755 Parathyroid Glands | 760 Adrenal Glands | 762 Folder 21.1 Pituitary Gland Secretion | 743 Functional Considerations: Regulation of Folder 21.2 Diseases | 750 Clinical Correlation: Principles of Endocrine Folder 21.3 with ADH Secretion | 753 Clinical Correlation: Pathologies Associated Folder 21.4 Clinical Correlation: Abnormal Thyroid Function | 758 Folder 21.5 Pheochromocytoma | 766 Clinical Correlation: Chromaffin Cells and Folder 21.6 of Adrenal Hormones | 769 Functional Considerations: Biosynthesis Atlas Plates Plate 80 Pituitary I | 772 Plate 81 Pituitary II | 774 Plate 82 Pineal Gland | 776 Plate 83 Parathyroid and Thyroid Glands | 778 Plate 84 Adrenal Gland I | 780 Plate 85 Adrenal Gland II | 782 22. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM | 784 Overview of the Male Reproductive System | 784 Testis | 784 Spermatogenesis | 792 Seminiferous Tubules | 798 Intratesticular Ducts | 802 Excurrent Duct System | 803 Accessory Sex Glands | 808 Prostate Gland | 808 Semen | 813 Penis | 813 Folder 22.1 Regulation of Spermatogenesis | 788 Functional Considerations: Hormonal Folder 22.2 Spermatogenesis | 789 Clinical Correlation: Factors Affecting Folder 22.3 and the Immune Response | 803 Clinical Correlation: Sperm-Specific Antigens Folder 22.4 Hypertrophy and Cancer of the Prostate | 811 Clinical Correlation: Benign Prostatic Folder 22.5 and Erectile Dysfunction | 815 Clinical Correlation: Mechanism of Erection Atlas Plates Plate 86 Testis I | 818 Plate 87 Testis II | 820 Plate 88 Efferent Ductules and Epididymis | 822 Plate 89 Spermatic Cord and Ductus Deferens | 824 Plate 90 Prostate Gland | 826 Plate 91 Seminal Vesicle | 828 23. SYSTEM | FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE830 Overview of the Female Reproductive System | 830 Ovary | 831 Uterine Tubes | 845 Uterus | 848 Placenta | 854 Vagina | 860 External Genitalia | 861 Mammary Glands | 863 Folder 23.1 Disease | 839 Clinical Correlation: Polycystic Ovarian Folder 23.2 Clinical Correlation: In Vitro Fertilization | 844 Folder 23.3 Hormonal Regulation of the Ovarian Cycle | 846 Functional Considerations: Summary of Folder 23.4 Placenta at Birth | 860 Clinical Correlation: Fate of the Mature Folder 23.5 Clinical Correlation: Cytologic Pap Smears | 862 Folder 23.6 Infections | 868 Clinical Correlation: Cervix and HPV Folder 23.7 Infertility | 870 Functional Considerations: Lactation and Atlas Plates Plate 92 Ovary I | 872 Plate 93 Ovary II | 874 Plate 94 Corpus Luteum | 876 Plate 95 Uterine Tube | 878 Plate 96 Uterus I | 880 Plate 97 Uterus II | 882 Plate 98 Cervix | 884 Plate 99 Placenta I | 886 Plate 100 Placenta II | 888 Plate 101 Vagina | 890 Plate 102 Mammary Gland-Inactive Stage | 892 Plate 103 Lactating Stages | 894 Mammary Gland, Late Proliferative and 24. EYE | 896 Overview of the Eye | 896 General Structure of the Eye | 896 Microscopic Structure of the Eye | 899 Folder 24.1 Clinical Correlation: Glaucoma | 905 Folder 24.2 Clinical Correlation: Retinal Detachment | 908 Folder 24.3 Degeneration (ARMD) | 909 Clinical Correlation: Age-Related Macular Folder 24.4 Clinical Correlation: Conjunctivitis | 917 Atlas Plates Plate 104 Eye I | 920 Plate 105 Eye II: Retina | 922 Plate 106 Eye III: Anterior Segment | 924 Plate 107 Eye IV: Sclera, Cornea, and Lens | 926 25. EAR | 928 Overview of the Ear | 928 External Ear | 928 Middle Ear | 929 Internal Ear | 932 Folder 25.1 Clinical Correlation: Otosclerosis | 933 Folder 25.2 Dysfunction | 934 Clinical Correlation: Hearing Loss-Vestibular Folder 25.3 Clinical Correlation: Vertigo | 937 Atlas Plates Plate 108 Ear | 946 Plate 109 Cochlear Canal and Organ of Corti | 948 Index | 950 Tissue Preparation Preface | vii Acknowledgments | ix