Table of Contents

PART ONE

INTRODUCTION TO THE LIVING ANIMAL

EXERCISE 1

The Microscope 3

Exercise 1A: Compound Light Microscope 3

Exercise 1B: Stereoscopic DissectingMicroscope 8

Exercise 1C: Electron Microscope 9

EXERCISE2

Cell Structure and Division 13

Exercise 2A: The Cell—Unit of ProtoplasmicOrganization 13

Exercise 2B: Cell Division—Mitosis andCytokinesis 16

EXERCISE3

Gametogenesis and Embryology 25

Exercise 3A: Meiosis—Maturation Division ofGerm Cells 25

Exercise 3B: Cleavage Patterns—Spiral and RadialCleavage 36

Exercise 3C: Frog Development 44

EXERCISE4

Tissue Structure and Function 47

Exercise 4: Tissues Combined into Organs 54

PARTTWO

THEDIVERSITY OF ANIMAL LIFE

EXERCISE5

Ecological Relationships of Animals 63

Exercise 5A: A Study ofPopulation Growth, with Application of the Scientific Method 63

Exercise 5B: Ecology ofa Freshwater Habitat 67

EXERCISE6

Introduction to Animal Taxonomy 77

Exercise 6A: PhylogenyReconstruction—How to Make a Cladogram 78

Exercise 6B: Use of aTaxonomic Key for Organism Identification 83

EXERCISE7

Unicellular Eukaryotes 89

Exercise 7A: PhylumAmoebozoa—Amoeba and Others 89

Exercise 7B: PhylaEuglenozoa and Viridiplantae—Euglena, Volvox, and Trypanosoma 97

Exercise 7C: PhylumApicomplexa—Plasmodium and Gregarina 106

Exercise 7D: PhylumCiliophora—Paramecium and Other Ciliates 109

Experimenting inZoology: Effect of Temperature on the Locomotor Activity of Stentor 115

Experimenting inZoology: Genetic Polymorphism in Tetrahymena 117

EXERCISE8

The Sponges 121

Exercise 8: Class Calcispongiae—Sycon 121

EXERCISE9

The Radiate Animals 131

Exercise 9A: Class Hydrozoa— Hydra, Obelia, and Gonionemus132

Exercise 9B: Class Scyphozoa—Aurelia, a “True” Jellyfish138

Exercise 9C: Class Anthozoa— Metridium, a Sea Anemone,and Astrangia, a Stony Coral 140

Experimenting in Zoology: Predator Functional Response: FeedingRate in Hydra 147

EXERCISE10

The Flatworms 149

Exercise 10A: Class Turbellaria— Planarians 150

Exercise 10B: Class Trematoda— Digenetic Flukes 153

Exercise 10C: Class Cestoda— Tapeworms 158

Experimenting in Zoology: Planaria Regeneration Experiment 167

EXERCISE11

Nematodes and Four Small Protostome Phyla 171

Exercise 11A: Phylum Nematoda —Ascaris and Others 172

Exercise 11B: A Brief Look at Some Other Protostomes 179

EXERCISE12

The Molluscs 183

Exercise 12A: Class Bivalvia = Pelecypoda)—Freshwater Clam 184

Exercise 12B: Class Gastropoda—Pulmonate Land Snail 191

Exercise 12C: Class Polyplacophora— Chitons 194

Exercise 12D: Class Cephalopoda—Loligo, theSquid 195

EXERCISE 13

The Annelids 201

Exercise 13A: Class Errantia— Clamworm 202

Exercise 13B: Class Sedentaria Earthworm 204

Exercise 13C: Family Hirudinidae— Leech 215

Experimenting in Zoology: Behavior of Medicinal Leeches, Hirudomedicinalis 217

EXERCISE14

The Chelicerate Arthropods 219

Exercise 14: Chelicerate Arthropods—Horseshoe Crab and Garden Spider 220

EXERCISE15

The Crustacean Arthropods 227

Exercise 15A: Subphylum Crustacea— Crayfish,Lobsters, and Other Crustaceans 227

Experimenting in Zoology: The PhototacticBehavior of Daphnia 239

EXERCISE16

The Arthropods 241

Exercise 16A: Myriapods—Centipedes andMillipedes 241

Exercise 16B: Insects—Grasshopper andHoneybee 243

Exercise 16C: Insects—House Cricket 251

Exercise 16D: Metamorphosis of Drosophila254

 Exercise 16E: Collectionand Classification of Insects 255

EXERCISE 17

The Echinoderms 265

Exercise 17A: Class Asteroidea—Sea Stars 266

Exercise 17B: Class Ophiuroidea—Brittle Stars 270

Exercise 17C: Class Echinoidea—Sea Urchins 273

Exercise 17D: Class Holothuroidea—Sea Cucumbers 275

Exercise 17E: Class Crinoidea—Feather Stars and Sea Lilies 278

EXERCISE18

Phylum Chordata: A Deuterostome Group 281

Exercise 18A: Subphylum Urochordata— Ciona, an Ascidian283

Exercise 18B: Subphylum Cephalochordata—Amphioxus 285

EXERCISE19

The Fishes—Lampreys, Sharks, and Bony Fishes 291

Exercise 19A: Class Petromyzontida— Lampreys (Ammocoete Larvaand Adult) 291

Exercise 19B: Class Chondrichthyes— Cartilaginous Fishes 296

Exercise 19C: Class Actinopterygii—Bony Fishes 301

Experimenting in Zoology: Agonistic Behavior in Paradise Fish, Macropodusopercularis 307

 Experimenting in Zoology: Analysis of the Multiple Hemoglobin System in Carassiusauratus, Common Goldfish 309

EXERCISE 20

The Amphibians: Frogs 313

Exercise 20A: Behavior and Adaptations 314

Exercise 20B: Skeleton 318

About the Author

Cleve Hickman is Professor Emeritus at Washington and Lee University, Lexington, VA.  He received his Ph.D. in Zoology from the University of British Columbia, did research in animal physiology for eight years, and taught zoology for over 30 years. He's made over 20 trips to the Galapagos Islands for research and as an instructor for student field trips  



 Larry Roberts is currently teaching parasitology and marine biology at the University of Miami.  He received his Ph.D. in Parasitology from Johns Hopkins University and is a coauthor of Foundations of Parasitology, 5/e.  Past teaching affiliations include University of Massachusetts, Texas Tech University, and Florida International University.  Dr. Roberts has authored numerous research articles and a title of related interest: Underwater World of Sport Diving.  



Allan Larson is an Associate Professor at Washington University, St. Louis, MO.  He received his Ph.D. in Genetics at the University of California, Berkeley.  His fields of specialization include Evolutionary Biology, Molecular Population Genetics and Systematics, and Amphibian Systematics.  He's taught courses in general biology, evolution, and population biology.