Each chapter ends with Questions and Problems.
Foreword by Carl Sagan
Preface
Preface to the First Edition
1. Introduction
1.1: The Cronus Syndrome
1.2: On the Quality of Life
1.3: Global Change and Preservation
1.4: Methodology for Study
Part I. Fundamentals
2. Air: The Medium of Change
2.1: What Is Air?
2.1.1: Sensing Air
2.1.2: The Basic Ingredients
2.1.3: The Basic Properties
2.2: A Short History of Discovery
2.2.1: The Air Revealed
2.2.2: The Mechanics of Air
2.3: The Structure of the Atmosphere
2.3.1: How Much Air Is There?
2.3.2: Temperature Profiles
2.3.3: The Stratification of the Atmosphere
2.4: Air in Motion
2.4.1: Local Winds and Weather
2.4.2: Global Wind Systems
3. Basic Physical and Chemical Principles
3.1: The Mechanical Behavior of Gases and Particles
3.1.1: Gas Laws and Hydrostatics
3.1.2: Particles in Suspension
3.1.3: Clouds and Precipitation
3.2: Radiation and Energy
3.2.1: Sunlight and Heat
3.2.2: Scattering and Absorption
3.2.3: Common Optical Effects
3.3: Chemistry and the Environment
3.3.1: Symbols and Terminology
3.3.2: Properties of Common Substances
3.3.3: The Mechanisms of Chemical Reactions
3.3.4: Basic Chemical Reactions
4. The Evolution of Earth
4.1: The Origin of the Earth
4.1.1: Early Evolutionary Phases
4.1.2: Box Models for Earth Reservoirs
4.1.3: The Prebiotic Atmosphere
4.2: The Coevolution of the Environment and Life
4.2.1: The Evolution of Life Processes
4.2.2: Ancient Organisms and Greenhouse Gases
4.2.3: Photosynthesis and the Ozone Layer
4.3: The Mass Extinction of Life
4.3.1: Fossil History
4.3.2: The Dinosaurs: A Lesson in Longevity
4.3.3: Goddess Gaia and Homeostasis
4.4: The Coevolution of Intelligence and Pollution
4.4.1: Population and Technology
Part II. Local and Regional Pollution Issues
5. Sources and Dispersion of Pollutants
5.1: The Source of the Problem
5.1.1: What to Call Pollutants?
5.1.2: Distributed and Point Sources
5.1.3: Size Scales of Dispersion
5.2: The Dispersion of Pollutants
5.2.1: Diffusion and Turbulence
5.2.2: Convection and Lofting
5.2.3: Advection and Long-Range Transport
5.3: Temperature Inversions
5.3.1: Temperatures in the Lower Atmosphere
5.3.2: Atmospheric Stability
5.3.3: Large-Scale Inversions
5.4: Plumes of Pollution
5.4.1: Smokestack Plumes
5.4.2: Ground Plumes
5.4.3: Urban Heat Islands
5.5: Regional Dispersion of Pollutants
5.5.1: In Coastal Zones
5.5.2: Near Mountain Barriers
6. Smog: The Urban Syndrome
6.1: The History of Smog
6.1.1: Air Pollution and Poets
6.1.2: London Smog
6.1.3: Los Angeles Smog
6.2: Primary and Secondary Pollutants
6.2.1: The Basic Ingredients
6.2.2: Clean and Dirty Air
6.3: Smog Scenarios: A Typical Polluted Day
6.3.1: Carbon Monoxide
6.3.2: Nitrogen Dioxide
6.3.3: Ozone
6.4: Dissecting Smog
6.4.1: The Evolution of Smoggy Air
6.4.2: Trends in Air Pollution
6.5: Haze and Visibility
6.5.1: Total Suspended Particulate
6.5.2: Seeing through Air
6.5.3: Acid Particles and Fog
6.6: Controlling Smog: Everyone's Job
6.6.1: Reducing Emissions of Primary Pollutants
6.6.2: Alternative Fuels
6.6.3: Lifestyles for Health and Survival
7. Effects of Exposure to Pollution
7.1: How Pollutants Affect Health
7.1.1: The Discovery of Toxicity
7.1.2: The Physiology of Toxicity
7.2: The Toxic Effects of Air Pollutants
7.2.1: Common Ingredients of Smog
7.2.2: Eye Irritants
7.2.3: Organic Vapors
7.2.4: Problem Particles
7.2.5: Persistent Environmental Toxins
7.3: Radioactivity
7.3.1: Stability of the Elements
7.3.2: Sources of Radioactivity
7.3.3: The Physiological Effects of Radioactivity
7.4: Assessment of Health Risks
7.4.1: Defining the Threat
7.4.2: Risks and Benefits of Pollution
7.4.3: Box Models for Risk Assessment
7.4.4: Urban Smog: A Case Study
7.5: Limiting Risk
8. Indoor Air Pollution
8.1.: What Are "Indoor" Air Pollutants?
8.1.1: The Special Character of Indoor Pollution
8.1.2: Indoor Pollution and the News
8.2: Radon: Mother and Daughters
8.2.1: Poison from the Earth
8.2.2: Radon Exposure and Its Effects
8.3: Formaldehyde
8.3.1: Embalmers' Fluid
8.3.2: Formaldehyde's Impacts on Health
8.4: Tobacco Smoke
8.4.1: Composition of Tobacco Smoke
8.4.2: Tobacco Smoke's Effects on Health
8.4.3: Smoke and Mirrors
8.5: Other Indoor Pollutants
8.5.1: Biogenic Pollutants
8.5.2: Indoor Water Pollution
8.6: Indoor Versus Outdoor Pollution
8.6.1: Is It Safe to Go Indoors?
8.6.2: Making Indoors Safe
9. Acid Rain
9.1: The Tainted Rain
9.2: Acidity and pH
9.2.1: The pH Scale
9.2.2: Acids in Water
9.2.3: Alkalinity: The Acid Buffer
9.3: Sources of Environmental Acids
9.3.1: How Acid Is Acid Rain?
9.3.2: Sulfur Oxides and Acid Rain
9.3.3: Nitrogen Oxides and Acid Rain
9.4: Acid Fog
9.5: The Costs of Excess Acidity
9.5.1: Dying Forests and Lakes
9.5.2: A Potpourri of Destruction
9.5.3: Health Implications
9.6: Controlling Acid Rain and Fog
Part III. Global-Scale Pollution Issues
Carbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse Effect
Ozone Depletion and the Ozone Hole
Climate Change Caused by Nuclear War: Nuclear Winter
The Relationship between Population and Pollution
10. Global Biogeochemical Cycles
10.1: The Grand Chemical Cycles of Earth
10.1.1: Reservoirs in the Earth System
10.1.2: Simple Reservoir Models
10.2: Biogeochemical Cycles of the Primary Elements
10.2.1: Sulfur
10.2.2: Nitrogen
10.2.3: Oxygen
10.2.4: Carbon
10.3: The Hydrological Cycle
10.4: A Global Garbage Dump?
11. The Climate Machine
11.1: Weather and Climate
11.2: Energy from the Sun
11.2.1: Solar Illumination
11.2.2: The Four Seasons
11.3: The Temperature of Earth
11.3.1: Sunlight In, Earthglow Out
11.3.2: An Energy Balance Model
11.3.3: The Temperatures of the Planets
11.4: The Greenhouse Effect
11.4.1: Atmospheric Band Absorption
11.4.2: Radiation Emission from the Earth
11.4.3: Clouds and Radiation
11.4.4: The Greenhouse Energy Balance
11.5: Energy Reservoirs: The Climate Flywheel
11.5.1: Reservoirs for Heat
11.5.2: Ice: The Cool Reservoir
11.5.3: A Coupled Climate System
11.6: Causes of Climate Change
11.6.1: Climate Variability
11.6.2: Solar Variability: External Forcing
11.6.3: Ice Ages
11.6.4: Volcanic Eruptions
11.6.5: The Albedo Effect
11.7: The Vulnerability of Life to a Changing Climate
11.7.1: Modern Society and Climate
11.7.2: Do We Need Climate Insurance?
12. Greenhouse Warming
12.1: Greenhouse Gases
12.1.1: The Greenhouse Culprits: A Rogue's Gallery
12.1.2: Water Vapor: Innocent Bystander or Good Samaritan?
12.2: Carbon Dioxide
12.2.1: Increasing CO[2: What Is the Cause?
12.2.2: The Problem with Energy Addiction
12.3: Other Greenhouse Gases
12.3.1: Methane
12.3.2: Nitrous Oxide
12.3.3: Chlorofluorocarbons
12.3.4: Ozone
12.4: the Warming Effect of Greenhouse Gases
12.4.1: Climate History and the Greenhouse Effect
12.4.2: Recent Temperature Trends
12.4.3: Forecasts of Greenhouse Warming
12.4.4: Uncertainty Is the Future
12.4: Solutions?
12.5.1: Recyclable Fuels
12.5.2: Alternative Energy Sources
12.5.3: Climate Correction: Endangering the Environment
13. The Stratospheric Ozone Layer
13.1: The Ozone Shield
13.2: The Formation and Destruction of Ozone
13.2.1: The Photochemistry of Ozone
13.2.2: The Destruction of Catalytic Ozone
13.3: The Distribution of Ozone in the Atmosphere
13.3.1: Dobson Units: Ozone Overhead
13.3.2: How Much Ozone Is There?
13.4: Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation
13.4.1: Regions of the Ultraviolet Spectrum
13.4.2: Health Effects of UV-B Radiation
13.4.3: Environmental Effects of UV-B Radiation
13.5: Threats Against Ozone
13.5.1: A Litany of Threats
13.5.2: Chlorine
13.5.3: Nitrogen Oxides and Ozone Change
13.5.4: Bromine and the Halons
13.6: Forecasts of Global Ozone Depletion
13.6.1: Scenarios and Projections
13.6.2: Signature of the Culprit
13.7: The Ozone Hole
13.7.1: Discovery
13.7.2: The Polar Vortex
13.7.3: Polar Stratospheric Clouds
13.7.4: Ozone Depletion: The Hole Story
13.7.5: A Global Ozone Disaster?
13.8: Solutions and Actions
13.8.1: The Montreal Protocol
13.8.2: Saving the Earth's Ozone Layer
14. Global Environmental Engineering
14.1: What Is Global Environmental Engineering?
14.1.1: Living Thermostats: Natural Compensation
14.1.2: Planetary Engineering
14.2: Technological Traps
14.2.1: Nuclear Winter
14.2.2: Carbon Dioxide
14.2.3: Chlorofluorocarbons
14.3: Technological Cures
14.3.1: Preventing Armageddon
14.3.2: Cooling Down the Greenhouse
14.3.3: Fixing the Ozone Shield
14.4: A Rational Approach to Environmental Management
Appendix A. Scientific Notation, Units, and Constants
A.1: Scientific Notation
Applications of Scientific Notation
Large and Small Numbers
Using Mixing Ratios
A.2: The Metric System: Units and Conversions
Common Units of Measure
Manipulation of Dimensions and Units
A.3: Physical and Mathematical Constants
Physical Constants (and Their Common Symbols)
Mathematical Constants
A.4: Mathematical Operations
Squares and Square Roots
Higher Powers
Exponentials and Logarithms
Algebraic Equations
Inequalities
Appendix B. Demonstrations of Common Natural Phenomena
Demonstration 1: Light Scattering by Small Particles
Background
Experimental Procedure
Demonstration 2: Gas-to-Particle Conversion in Smog
Background
Experimental Procedure
Demonstration 3: Atmospheric Pressure and Water Vapor
Condensation
Background
Experimental Procedure
Demonstration 4: Acid Rain Formation
Background
Experimental Procedure
Appendix C. Radiation Nomenclature
Index:
TEXTBOOK
Richard P. Turco is Professor of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of California, Los Angeles, and Director of UCLA's Institute of the Environment.
"This reader-friendly book examines in some depth one of the most important problems facing our modern technological age - air pollution...The text offers a comprehensive description of environment systems, providing a basic understanding of how the world around us works and how human activities affect it". International Journal of Environmental Studies, March 2003.
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