1 Nutrition and Fetal Growth.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Nutritional Needs of the Human Fetus.- 2.1. Energy Requirements.- 2.2. Amino Acids and Protein.- 2.3. Carbohydrates.- 2.4. Lipids.- 2.5. Vitamins.- 2.6. Minerals.- 3. Maternal Protein-Calorie Intake and Fetal Growth.- 3.1. Gestational Changes in Weight and Body Composition.- 3.2. Maternal Weight Gain and Birth Weight.- 3.3. Gestational Undernutrition.- 3.4. Food Restriction and Birth Weight in Humans.- 3.5. Supplementation during Gestation in Animals: The Roles of Protein and Calories.- 3.6. Supplementation in Humans.- 4. Fetal Consequences of Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies.- 4.1. Vitamin Deficiencies.- 4.2. Mineral Deficiencies.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 2 Fetal Cardiac Dysrhythmias: Detection and Management.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Historical Notes.- 1.2. Incidence.- 2. Pathophysiology.- 2.1. Embryology.- 2.2. Extrinsic Factors.- 2.3. Hydrops Fetalis.- 3. Detection.- 3.1. Tools.- 3.2. Normal Fetal Heart Rate Patterns.- 3.3. Detecting the Fetus At Risk.- 4. Specific Dysrhythmias.- 4.1. Sinoatrial Node Disorders.- 4.2. Supraventricular Dysrhythmias.- 4.3. Ventricular Dysrhythmia.- 4.4. Atrioventricular Node Disorders.- 5. Fetal Antiarrhythmic Pharmacology.- 5.1. Digoxin.- 5.2. Propranolol.- 5.3. Procainamide.- 5.4. Quinidine.- 5.5. Verapamil.- References.- 3 Factors Predisposing to Birth-Associated Injury.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Pathogenetic Factors.- 3. Antenatal Injuries.- 4. Birth-Associated Injuries: Fetal Surveillance in Labor.- 4.1. Fetal Scalp Sampling.- 4.2. Fetal Scalp Electrodes.- 5. Breech Presentation-Associated Injuries.- 6. Birth Injuries Associated with Methods Used in Delivery of Cephalic Presentation.- 7. Vacuum Extraction.- 8. Birth-Associated Injuries with Multiple Factors of Causation: Soft Tissue Injuries.- 8.1. Cephalhematoma.- 8.2. Edema of the Scalp and Face.- 8.3. Soft Tissue Lacerations.- 8.4. Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis.- 8.5. Torticollis.- 8.6. Other Lesions.- 9. Injuries to the Eye.- 9.1. External Eye Injuries.- 9.2. Injuries of the Anterior Chamber.- 9.3. Ruptures of Descemet's Membrane and Corneal Trauma.- 9.4. Retinal Hemorrhages.- 10. Bony Injuries.- 10.1. Fractures of the Skull.- 10.2. Fractures of Vertebrae.- 10.3. Fractures of the Clavicle.- 10.4. Fractures and Epiphyseal Injuries of Long Bones.- 10.5. Fractures of Ribs.- 10.6. Fractures of Facial Bones.- 10.7. Injuries of the Temporomandibular Joint.- 10.8. Dislocations.- 11. Visceral Injuries of the Abdomen.- 12. Other Visceral Injuries: Pseudodiverticulum of the Pharynx.- 13. Neurologic Injuries.- 13.1. Facial Nerve Injuries.- 13.2. Brachial Plexus Injuries.- 13.3. Phrenic Nerve Injuries.- 13.4. Vocal Cord Paralysis.- 13.5. Peripheral Nerve Injuries.- 14. Summary.- References.- 4 Medical Applications of Infant Cry Analysis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Definitions.- 3. Strategies for Cry Analysis.- 3.1. Pattern Recognition.- 3.2. Physioacoustic Model of Cry Production.- 3.3. Biosocial Cry Model.- 4. Cry Analysis Techniques.- 4.1. Auditory Analysis.- 4.2. Time Domain Analysis.- 4.3. Frequency Domain Analysis.- 4.4. Spectrographic Analysis.- 4.5. Computer-Based Signal Processing.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- 5 Retrolental Fibroplasia: Old Problems, New Challenges.- 1. Definition.- 2. Introduction.- 3. A Model of Normal Vasculogenesis.- 4. A Model of Abnormal Vasculogenesis: Vascular Injury and Response.- 5. The Need for a New Classification of the Disease.- 6. Current Problems.- 6.1. Current Incidence of Disease.- 6.2. Specification of the Vulnerable Infant.- 6.3. Specification of the Injurious Agent.- 6.4. Timing, Technique, and Precautions for the Ophthalmological Examination.- 6.5. Treatment.- 6.6. Medicolegal Aspects.- 7. Summary.- References.- 6 Assessing Risk Assessment.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods of Risk Assessment.- 2.1. An Overview.- 2.2. Techniques to Derive Scoring Systems.- 2.3. Techniques to Assess Scoring Systems.- 2.4. Single Evaluative Measures.- 2.5. Validation of Scoring Systems.- 3. Performance of Various Systems.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Risk of Perinatal/Neonatal Mortality.- 3.3. Low Birth Weight or Growth Retardation.- 3.4. Short Gestation.- 3.5. Morbidity.- 3.6. General Issues.- 4. Discussion.- 4.1. General.- 4.2. Statistical Methods.- 4.3. Application.- 4.4. The Risk Approach Paradox.- 4.5. Simplicity.- 4.6. Timing.- 4.7. Gestation-Dependent Scores.- 4.8. Generalized Risk Predictors.- 4.9. Specific Risk Predictors.- 4.10. Population Definition.- 4.11. Primiparas and Multiparas.- 4.12. Outcome Definition.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- 7 Neonatal Electroencephalography.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Background.- 3. Technical Considerations.- 4. Patterns Observed in Normal Term and Preterm Infants.- 4.1. The Term Infant.- 4.2. The Preterm Infant.- 5. Abnormal Electroencephalograms.- 5.1. Isoelectric Pattern.- 5.2. Paroxysmal or Burst-Suppression Patterns.- 5.3. Diffusely Slow Patterns.- 5.4. Low-Voltage Patterns.- 6. Abnormal Patterns in Preterm Infants.- 7. Seizures.- 8. Hemorrhages.- 9. Focal EEG Abnormalities.- 10. Herpes Encephalitis.- 11. Metabolic Derangements.- 11.1. Hypoxemia.- 11.2. Miscellaneous.- 12. Congenital Malformations.- 13. The Prognostic Value of the EEG.- 14. Conclusion.- 15. Glossary.- References.- 8 Atopic Sensitization of the Fetus and Newborn in Relation to the Development of the Human Immune System.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Maturation of Antigen Responsiveness.- 2.1. Synthesis of IgE in Utero.- 2.2. Allergic Sensitization of the Newborn and Infant.- 3. Genetics of Atopic Allergy.- 4. Prediction of Atopic Disease from Early IgE Measurements.- 5. Other Risk Factors for Atopic Allergy.- 6. Prophylaxis of Atopic Allergy.- 7. Conclusions and Prospects for the Future.- References.
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