1 Urban water conflicts: Background and conceptual framework
1.1 UNESCO-IHP Taskforce on Urban Water Conflicts
1.2 Socioeconomic and institutional aspects of urban water
management
1.3 Definition of urban water: an impure public good
1.4 A few methodologies for analysing urban water conflicts
1.5 Conclusions
2 Urban water conflicts in recent European history: Changing
interactions between technology, environment and society
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Governments intervene to provide long distance supply of clean
water
2.3 From quantity at a distance to quality close at hand
2.4 The crisis of municipal water supply services
2.5 European water services and the three Es of sustainability
2.6 The new social issue of sustainability
2.7 Conclusion
3 Water, public responsibility and equity: The Barcelona `water war’ of the 1990s
4 Full circle? Public responsibility versus privatization of
water supplies in the United States
4.1 Urban water supply before 1830
4.2 The rise of the public water utility, 1830–1920
4.3 Expansion of water supply systems, 1920–1945
4.4 Metropolitan expansion and new demands on water supplies,
1945–1970
4.5 From infrastructure crisis to privatization, 1970–2004 46
4.6 Conclusion
5 Public-private partnership in courts: The rise and fall of
concessions to supply drinking water in France (1875–1928)
5.1 Corpus and context
5.2 The origin of conflicts: is drinking water a profit-oriented
service?
5.3 CE position: under a concession contract, drinking water is a
profit-oriented activity
5.3.1 Amendments should be negotiated by the parties on the grounds
of the initial contract’s status quo
5.3.2 Local authorities had no right to renegotiate access to
private service
5.3.3 The CE restrictions on contract termination
5.4 The consequence of CE decisions on water supply management
5.5 Conclusion
6 In search of (hidden) Portuguese urban water conflicts: The
Lisbon water story (1856–2006)
6.1 A century of Portuguese water services: evolution,
accomplishments and failures
6.2 The Lisbon water story
6.2.1 Liberal waters (1858–1926)
6.2.2 Authoritarian waters (1926–1974)
6.2.3 Democratic waters (1974–2006)
6.3 Urban water conflicts: from the unfinished welfare state to the
new regulatory state
6.4 Concluding remarks: hidden conflicts or potential
conflicts?
7 Water supply services in the cities of Brazil: Conflicts,
challenges and new opportunities in regulation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 The institutional conflicts and challenges
7.3 Economic conflicts and challenges
7.4 Socio-environmental challenges and conflicts: social inequality
and environmental degradation
7.5 New opportunities in water and services management: regulation
and conflict-resolution
8 Urban water conflicts in Buenos Aires: Voices questioning the
sustainability of the water and sewerage concession
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 The social urban context
8.1.2 Water services before privatization
8.1.3 The private sector operating the largest water concession in
the world
8.1.4 Development of the chapter
8.2 Economic sustainability issues leading to political conflict
and conflict among users
8.2.1 Financing the expansion of the network: the SUMA conflict
8.2.2 Devaluation of the Argentinean peso: renegotiation of the
concession contract
8.3 Social sustainability issues: bringing water services to the
poor
8.3.1 Bringing water and sewerage networks to poor
neighbourhoods
8.3.2 The social tariff: a response to the recent inability of
Argentina’s middle class to cope with the water bill
8.4 The evolution of the `environmental question’ in the context of
the water sector privatization and the concession process
8.4.1 Water table rise, flooding and environmental conflict
8.4.2 Urban water conflict and environmental conflict: the Lomas de
Zamora Water Forum
8.4.3 The `environmental problem’ and the need for a responding
institution
8.5 Conclusion
9 In search of meaningful interdisciplinarity: Understanding
urban water conflicts in Mexico
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Urban water conflicts in Mexico from a historical
perspective
9.3 Urban water conflict events in Mexico
9.4 Explaining urban water conflicts
9.5 Concluding remarks
10 Conflict versus cooperation between the state and civil
society: A water-demand management comparison between Cape Town and
Johannesburg, South Africa
10.1 Background to the South African water context
10.2 Case study 1: Johannesburg
10.2.1 Institutional profile of water service provision in
Johannesburg
10.2.2 The Gcin’ Amanzi Project
10.2.3 Community response
10.3 Case study 2: Cape Town
10.3.1 The state of municipal debt: the driver behind Cape Town’s
WDM approach
10.3.2 Mfuleni pilot project
10.3.3 Water saving device options
10.4 CSO response
10.5 The political terrain of the two cities 161
10.6 Conclusion
11 Conflicts of influence and competing models: The boom in
community-based privatization of water services in sub-Saharan
Africa
11.1 Water supply systems in urban areas with no network
connection
11.1.1 Dispelling a myth: the spread of public-private partnerships
from large cities
11.1.2 Project-based rationale and systems involving decentralized
players: behind the profusion, a model
11.2 The limitations of community-based privatization
11.2.1 Dysfunctions of the model . . .
11.2.2 . . . or an unsuitable model?
11.3 The community-based model versus the public model: ideological
domination at stake
11.3.1 The need for efficient sectoral approaches and
depoliticization of management
11.3.2 The supposed advantages of community-based regulation
11.3.3 A deep distrust of local public authorities
11.4 Conclusion
12 Governance failure: Urban water and conflict in Jakarta,
Indonesia
12.1 Introduction: watering Jakarta
12.2 Splintered urbanism: fragmented access to urban water
supply
12.3 Urban governance: the production of thirst
12.4 Going private: conflict over the water supply concession
contract for the city of Jakarta
12.4.1 The private sector participation contract in Jakarta
12.4.2 Re-regulation: tariffs, profits and conflictual
re-negotiation of the contract
12.4.3 Conflicts with water utility workers: labour-led protests
and unrest
12.4.4 Connecting the poor? Conflict over tariffs and pricing
12.4.5 Pro-poor initiatives
12.5 Conclusions: governance failure
13 Man-made scarcity, unsustainability and urban water conflicts
in Indian cities
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Our understanding of urban water conflicts
13.3 The issue of water access in Delhi
13.3.1 Users’ strategies and cross-bred networks
13.3.2 The question of sustainability
13.3.3 A chaotic reform process and unexpected outcomes
13.4 Chennai: expanding needs and growing conflicts with peri-urban
users
13.4.1 The central role of the peripheral groundwater
13.4.2 Short-term winners and losers: a transition towards
conflict?
13.5 Conclusion: a common framework of weak and ineffective
conflict resolution mechanisms
14 Urban water conflicts in the western US
14.1 Water development and the environment
14.2 Water in California and the transfer from agriculture to urban
areas
14.3 Introduction to the Imperial Valley case
14.4 The decision-making process leading to trading
14.5 Decision-making in San Diego
14.6 Institutions, spatial scale and inter-regional relations
14.7 Conclusion
15 Urban water reform in Italy: A live bomb behind outward
unanimity
15.1 The weaving of Penelope
15.2 Path towards the reform: the crisis of the traditional
model
15.3 The reform
15.4 A new model for providing WSS: challenges and trade-offs
15.5 Implementing the WFD: the first challenge for the privatized
water system
15.6 Conclusions
16 Water infrastructures between commercialization and
shrinking: The case of Eastern Germany
16.1 Introduction
16.2 The German water market in transition: the main
transformations in water supply and wastewater disposal
16.3 From `flourishing landscapes’ to shrinking regions:
post-reunification developments in Eastern Germany
16.4 Conflicts about infrastructure supply and privatization: the
case of Brandenburg and Frankfurt (Oder)
16.5 Learning from shrinking regions
17 Urban water conflicts and sustainability: An
ecological-economic approach
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Sustainability and carrying capacity in the water domain
17.3 The parabola of urban water systems
17.3.1 The `further from farther’ crisis
17.3.2 Modernization and sustainability of urban water
management
17.3.3 Drivers of modernization
17.4 Towards a general understanding of UWC
17.4.1 Conflicts as indicators of urban water sustainability
17.4.2 Interpretative frames: actors in conflict
17.4.3 Interpretative frames: categories of conflict
CNRS, LATTS - Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussees, Marne la Vallee, France
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