Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 DEPTH STUDY 1: INVESTIGATING THE ANCIENT PAST Historians, archaeologists and the ancient past 2 1.1 Why study history? 4 1.2 Ages and time 6 1.3 Detective work 8 1.4 Evidence from archaeology 12 1.5 How old is it? 16 1.6 Sources for ancient Australia 18 1.7 Conserving the past 20 1.8 Conserving the heritage of ancient Australia 22 1.9 Virtual site studies 24 1.10 In their shoes 26 1.11 Review and reflect 28 Using ICT 30 CHAPTER 2 DEPTH STUDY 1: INVESTIGATING THE ANCIENT PAST Investigating an ancient mystery: the Olmec 32 Chapter 2 is a supporting study for Depth Study 1. It examines an ancient society which presents a mystery that has challenged historians and archaeologists. 2.1 HOW DO WE KNOW ABOUT?? The Olmec 34 2.2 Who were the Olmec? 36 2.3 The buried treasure of La Venta 38 2.4 The land of the were-jaguar 42 2.5 Human sacrifice? 44 2.6 Writing, numbers and calendars 46 2.7 Mysterious neighbours: the Chavin of Peru 48 2.8 The Olmec heritage 50 2.9 Review and reflect 52 CHAPTER 3 OVERVIEW 1: THE ANCIENT WORLD The ancient past before farming 54 The Overview content has been split into two chapters (chapters 3 and 4) to provide a more logical and coherent coverage. 3.1 HOW DO WE KNOW ABOUT?? The Old Stone Age world 56 3.2 Out of Africa 58 3.3 A changing Paleolithic world 62 3.4 An amazing journey 64 3.5 The wider picture: New Guinea and the Torres Strait Islands 68 3.6 Changing climate and changing technology 70 3.7 The ancient Australian economy 72 3.8 Society and culture 74 3.9 Review and reflect 78 CHAPTER 4 OVERVIEW 2: THE ANCIENT WORLD The ancient past since farming 80 4.1 HOW DO WE KNOW ABOUT?? The ancient past since farming 82 4.2 The Mesolithic Age 84 4.3 The New Stone Age 86 4.4 Cities, laws, government 88 4.5 Society and culture 90 4.6 Civilisations and empires in North Africa, Western Asia and Europe 92 4.7 Discoveries and mysteries: Agamemnon and Troy 94 4.8 Civilisations in East and South Asia 96 4.9 Discoveries and mysteries: ancient America and the Nazca Lines 98 4.10 The ancient birth of modern religions and philosophies 102 4.11 SkillBuilder: Creating a timeline 106 4.12 Review and reflect 108 CHAPTER 5 DEPTH STUDY 2: THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD Ancient Egypt 110 5.1 HOW DO WE KNOW ABOUT?? Ancient Egypt 112 5.2 The gift of the Nile 114 5.3 The people of Egypt 116 5.4 Pharaoh rules! 120 5.5 Gods and the afterlife 122 5.6 Mummies unwrapped 124 5.7 Write like an Egyptian 126 5.8 SkillBuilder: Using ancient Egyptian primary sources 128 5.9 Pyramid builders 130 5.10 Tutankhamen revealed 132 5.11 Expansion and fall 134 5.12 Rameses II ? Egypt?s greatest pharaoh? 136 5.13 Egypt?s heritage 138 5.14 Review and reflect 140 Using ICT 142 CHAPTER 6 DEPTH STUDY 2: THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD Ancient Greece 144 6.1 HOW DO WE KNOW ABOUT?? Ancient Greece 146 6.2 The Minoans and Mycenaeans 148 6.3 The rise of the Greek city-states 150 6.4 Government in Athens and Sparta 152 6.5 The Spartans 154 6.6 Athens ? wonder of the ancient world 156 6.7 SkillBuilder: Using ancient Greek primary sources 160 6.8 Myths, gods and oracles 162 6.9 The Olympic Games 164 6.10 Greeks, Persians and Alexander the Great 166 6.11 The heritage of ancient Greece 170 6.12 Review and reflect 172 Using ICT 174 CHAPTER 7 DEPTH STUDY 2: THE MEDITERRANEAN WORLD Ancient Rome 176 7.1 HOW DO WE KNOW ABOUT?? Ancient Rome 178 7.2 The rise of the Romans 180 7.3 The spreading empire 182 7.4 The Roman army 184 7.5 Citizens and rulers 186 7.6 Slavery and the gladiators? revolt 190 7.7 SkillBuilder: Using ancient Roman primary sources 192 7.8 Living in the Roman Empire 194 7.9 Religion and the Romans 198 7.10 Decline and fall 200 7.11 Heritage of Rome 202 7.12 Review and reflect 204 Using ICT 206 CHAPTER 8 DEPTH STUDY 3: THE ASIAN WORLD Ancient China 208 8.1 HOW DO WE KNOW ABOUT ? ? Ancient China 210 8.2 China?s civilisation begins 212 8.3 The people of ancient China 214 8.4 Ancient China and the natural environment 216 8.5 Confucianism, Daoism and Buddhism 218 8.6 The First Emperor 220 8.7 SkillBuilder: Recognising different perspectives 224 8.8 The rise and fall of the Han 226 8.9 The heritage of China 230 8.10 Review and reflect 232 Using ICT 234 CHAPTER 9 DEPTH STUDY 3: THE ASIAN WORLD Ancient India 236 9.1 HOW DO WE KNOW ABOUT?? Ancient India 238 9.2 The geography of India 240 9.3 Lost cities of the Indus Valley 242 9.4 Living in the lost cities 244 9.5 Who ruled the Indus Valley? 248 9.6 The end of a civilisation 250 9.7 SkillBuilder: Recognising different perspectives 252 9.8 Vedic Civilisation, the Mauryan Empire and the Guptas 254 9.9 The Mauryan Empire: India?s first unified state 256 9.10 Ashoka the Great 258 9.11 The heritage of ancient India 260 9.12 Review and reflect 264 Using ICT 266 Glossary 268 Index 271