Table of Contents

ONE Heart sound fundamentals

1 THE HEART AND AUSCULTATION
Pretest, Anatomy and physiology, Traditional auscultatory areas, Alternative auscultatory areas, Auscultatory techniques, Enhancement techniques, Posttest

2 HEART SOUND DYNAMICS
Pretest, Heart sound origins, Basic heart sounds, Depolarization and repolarization, Documenting heart sounds, Posttest

TWO Normal heart sounds

3 THE FIRST HEART SOUND
Pretest, Normal S1, Abnormal S1 split, Posttest

4 THE SECOND HEART SOUND
Pretest, Normal S2, S2 split sounds, Posttest

5 THE THIRD AND FOURTH HEART SOUNDS
Pretest, Ventricular filling sounds, Third heart sound, Fourth heart sound, S3 and S4: Similarities and differences, Posttest

THREE Abnormal heart sounds

6 OTHER DIASTOLIC AND SYSTOLIC SOUNDS
Pretest, Opening snaps, Systolic ejection sounds, Posttest

7 MURMUR FUNDAMENTALS
Pretest, Turbulent blood flow, Characteristics, Posttest

8 SYSTOLIC MURMURS
Pretest, Anatomy and physiology, Systolic ejection murmurs, Ventricular outflow obstruction murmurs, Systolic regurgitation murmurs, Ventricular septal defect murmur, Posttest

9 DIASTOLIC MURMURS
Pretest, Anatomy and physiology, Aortic regurgitation murmurs, Pulmonic regurgitation murmurs, Other diastolic murmurs, Posttest

10 CONTINUOUS MURMURS
Pretest, Two causes, Cervical venous hum murmurs, Patent ductus arteriosus murmurs, Posttest

11 OTHER AUSCULTATORY SOUNDS
Pretest, Prosthetic valve sounds and murmurs, Aortic prosthetic valves, Mitral prosthetic valves, Pericardial friction rubs, Mediastinal crunch, Posttest

FOUR Breath sound fundamentals
12 THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND AUSCULTATION
Pretest, Anatomy and physiology, The mechanics of breathing, Auscultatory areas, Auscultatory techniques, Posttest

13 INTRODUCTION TO BREATH SOUNDS
Pretest, Breath sound production, Terminology, Documenting auscultation findings, Posttest
"
FIVE Normal breath sounds

14 BREATH SOUNDS HEARD IN HEALTHY INDIVIDUALS
Pretest, Anatomy and physiology, Posttest

SIX Abnormal breath sounds

15 BRONCHIAL BREATH SOUNDS
Pretest, Sound production, Posttest

16 ABNORMAL VOICE SOUNDS
Pretest, Sound production, Posttest

17 ABSENT AND DIMINISHED BREATH SOUNDS
Pretest, Sound production, Posttest
"
SEVEN Other abnormal breath sounds

18 CLASSIFYING ADVENTITIOUS SOUNDS
Pretest, Confusion over terminology, Current classification system, Posttest

19 ADVENTITIOUS SOUNDS: CRACKLES
Pretest, Sound production, Documentation, Late inspiratory crackles, Early inspiratory and expiratory crackles, Pleural crackles, Posttest

20 ADVENTITIOUS SOUNDS: WHEEZES
Pretest, Sound production, Expiratory polyphonic wheezes, Fixed monophonic wheezes, Sequential inspiratory wheezes, Random monophonic wheezes, Stridor, Posttest

Auscultation findings for common disorders

Assessment flowcharts for common auscultation findings

English-Spanish phrases used in cardiac and respiratory assessment

Posttest answers

Selected readings

Glossary

Index